Urban Green Infrastructure Planning Based on Environmental Performance of Geospheric Landscape Change (Case Study: Kermanshah City)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Department of Environmental Planning and Design, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

2 Department of Environmental Planning and Design, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Tehran, Iran

10.22059/jtcp.2025.400535.670518

Abstract

This research was conducted with the aim of planning urban green infrastructures based on landscape ecology principles (structure, function, change). For this purpose, land-use/land-cover maps for the years 2003, 2013, and 2023 were prepared using satellite images and ENVI 5.3 software. Then, using the CA-Markov model, changes in the year 2033 were predicted in the TerrSet 18.3 software. Additionally, landscape metrics were analyzed at the class and landscape levels in the Fragstats v4.2 software, and spatial processes were identified using the Decision-Tree-Algorithm. Finally, by utilizing practical planning principles, strategies were presented to enhance the natural structure and promote environmental performance in the process of geospheric landscape change. Based on the results, between 2003 and 2033, the expansion of construction areas, along with the process of spatial aggregation, has led to an increase in the area (CA) and cohesion of construction spots (COHESION), and a decrease in spatial fragmentation and complexity (decrease in IJI, ENN-MN, ED, PD, NP, LSI). In contrast, green infrastructures, such as vegetation-cover and wastelands, have faced a significant decrease in spatial indices, indicating an increase in erosion processes, structural discontinuity, functional limitation, and ultimately, an adverse impact on the process integrity of the landscape. Furthermore, the gradual decrease in PD, NP, SHDI, ED, and LSI metrics and the increase in CONTAG at the landscape level indicate a decrease in diversity, the expansion of construction, and the simplification of the landscape structure. Based on the analytical framework of the research, by adjusting structural continuity, the environmental performance of multi-functional planning increases and green-gray infrastructure solutions perform better. Therefore, observing the principles of "structural continuity," "multi-functional planning," and "green-gray integration," along with the principle of "social participation" in the process of identifying needs and acquiring landscape services, will be more effective; and finally, urban development plans will be implemented based on green infrastructure network assessment, planning strategies, stakeholder participation, and implementation. In this way, in order to promote natural structure, allocate environmental function, and geospheric landscape change, it becomes possible to manage the structural durability and functional sustainability of urban green infrastructures.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

مهندسان مشاور معماری و شهرسازی طرح و آمایش (1382). طرح تجدیدنظر طرح جامع شهر کرمانشاه. تهران.
ناروئی، بهروز؛ برق‏جلوه، شهین‏دخت؛ اسماعیل‏زاده، حسن و زبردست، لعبت (1401). ارزیابی تغییرات فضایی‌ـ زمانی زیرساخت سبز شهری مبتنی بر الگوریتم درخت تصمیم‏گیری فرایندهای فضایی (مطالعة موردی: سیمای سرزمین تهران). اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)، 31(122)، 167 ـ 188.
ناصحی، سعیده؛ آل‏محمد، سیده؛ رمضانی مهریان، مجید و مبرقعی دینان، نغمه (1402). تدوین راهبردهای پایداری زیرساخت‏های سبز شهری با استفاده از ارزیابی تغییرات سیمای سرزمین (مطالعة موردی: منطقة 2 کلان‏شهر تهران). جغرافیا و پایداری محیط، 13(2)، 95 ـ 114.
Asla, J. (2011). Green infrastructure-Updated 2011. Available from American Society of Landscape Architects, http://www.asla.org.
Benedict, M. A. & McMahon, E. T. (2002). Green Infrastructure Smart Conservation for the 21st Century. Renewable Resources Journal, 20(3), 12-17.
Bogaert, J., Ceulemans, R., & Salvador-Van Eysenrode, D. (2004). Decision Tree Algorithm for Detection of Spatial Processes in Landscape Transformation. Environmental Management, 33, 62–73.
Botequilha, L. A. & Ahern, J. (2002). Applying Landscape Ecological Concepts and Metrics in Sustainable Landscape Planning. Landscape and Urban Planning, 59(2), 65-93.
Cheshmehzangi, A. & Griffiths, C. J. (2014). Development of green infrastructure for the city. A holistic vision sustainable urbanism. Journal of Architecture and Environment, 2(2), 13-20.
Dibari, J. N. (2007). Evaluation of five landscape-level metrics for measuring the effects of urbanization on landscape structure: the case of Tucson, Arizona, USA. Landscape and Urban Planning, 79(3-4), 308-313.
Farina, A. (1998). Land Mosaics: The ecology of landscapes and regions.
Forman, R. T. T. & Godron, M. (1986). Landscape Ecology. New York: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Forman, R. T. T. (1995). Land Mosaics: The ecology of landscapes and regions. Cambridge University Press.
Fu, B. & Chen, L. (1999). Integrating landscape ecological principals and land evaluatin for sustainable land use. Journal of Environmental Science, 11, 136-140.
Fu, X., Hopton, M. E., & Wang, X. (2021). Assessment of green infrastructure performance through an urban resilience lens. Journal of Cleaner Production, Vol. 289, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125146.
Ghosh, P., Mukhopadhyay, A., Chanda, A., Mondal, P., Akhand, A., Mukherjee, S., Nayak, S. K., Ghosh, S., Mitra, D., Ghosh, T., & Hazra, S., (2017). Application of Cellular automata and Markov-chain model in geospatial environmental modeling- A review. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 5, 64–77.
Hanna, E. & Comín, A. (2021). Urban Green Infrastructure and Sustainable Development: A Review. Scientific African, 13(20), 11498.
Hansen, R., Lorance Rall, E., Chapman, E., Rolf, W., & Pauleit, S. (2017). Urban green infrastructure planning: A guide for practitioners. Green Surge. http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.10100.86406.
Hawkins, V. & Selman, P. (2002). Landscape scale planning: exploring alternative land use scenarios. Landscape and Urban Planning, 60(4), 211-224.
Hua, A. K. (2017). Land Use Land Cover Changes in Detection of Water Quality: A Study Based on Remote Sensing and Multivariate Statistics. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, Vol. 2017, 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7515130.
Lafortezza, R., Davies, C., Sanesi, G., & Konijnendijk, CC. (2013). Green Infrastructure as a tool to support spatial planning in European urban regions. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, 6(3), 102-108.
Li, X., He, S. H., Bu, R., Wen, Q., Chang, Yu., Hu, Y., & Li, Y. (2005). The adequacy of different landscape metrics for various landscape patterns. Pattern Recognion, 38(12), 2626-2638.
Lotfian, R. (2016). Change Detection and Predication of Urban Development in Kashan Region Using CA-Markov and GEOMOD Method. Master of science thesis Resources Natural. Isfahan University of Technology, Department of Natural Resources. (in Persian)
Marcucci, D. J. & Jordan, L. M. (2013). Benefits and challenges of linking green infrastructure and highway planning in the United States. Environmental Management, 51, 182-197.
McGarigal, K. (1998). Ecosystem management. Department of forestry and wildlife. University of Massachusetts AT Amherst, MA.
McGarigal, K., Cushman, S. A., & Neel, M. C., (2002). FRAGSTATS: Spatial Pattern Analysis Program for Categorical Maps, Computer Software Program Produced by the Authors at University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Mell, I.C. (2010). Green infrastructure: concepts, perceptions and its use in spatial planning. Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Architecture, Planning and Landscape, Newcastle University.
Monteiro, R., Ferreira, J. C., & Antunes, P. (2020). Green infrastructure Planning Principles: An Integrated Literature Review. Land, 9(12), 525.
Naroei, B., Barghjelveh, Sh., Esmaeilzadeh, H., & Zebardast, L. (2022). Evaluating spatial-temporal changes of urban green infrastructure using decision tree algorithm of spatial processes – Case study: Tehran landscape system. Scientific- Research Quarterly of Geographical Data (SEPEHR), 31(122), 167-188. (in Persian)
Nasehi, S., Alemohammad, S., Ramezani Mehrian, M., & Mobarghei Dinan, N. (2023). Formulating sustainability strategies for urban green infrastructures by using the landscape changes assessment (Case study: Tehran metropolitan district 2). Geography and Environmental Sustainability, 13(2), 95–114. (in Persian)
Naveh, Z. & Liberman, A. S. (1984). Landscape Ecology. NewYork: Springer Series on Environmental Management. Springer-Verlag.
Nazombe, K. & Nambazo, O. (2023). Monitoring and assessment of urban green space loss and fragmentation using remote sensing data in the four cities of Malawi from 1986 to 2021. Scientific African, 20, e01639.
Neef, E. (1963). Toplogische und corologische Arbeitswisen in der landschaftsforschung. Petermanns Geogr, Mitt, 107, 250-259.
Nouri, J., Gharagozlou, A., Arjmandi, R., Faryadi, S., & Adl, M., (2014). Predicting Urban Land Use Changes Using a CA–Markov Model. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 39, 5565-5573.
Project Green Surge. Suggested citation: Hansen, R., Rall, E., Chapman, E., Rolf, W., & Pauleit, S. (2017). Urban Green Infrastructure Planning: A Guide for Practitioners. GREEN SURGE. Retrieved from http://greensurge.eu/working-packages/wp5/
Regmi, R., Saha, S., & Balla, M. (2014). Geospatial analysis of land use land cover changes predictive modeling at Phewa Lake Watershed of Nepal. International Journal of Current Engineering and Technology, 4(4), 2617–2627.
Rusche, K., Reimer, M., & Stichmann, R. (2019). Mapping and assessing green infrastructure connectivity in European city regions. Sustainability, 11(6), 1819.
Shade, C. & Kremer, P. (2019). Predicting Land Use Changes in Philadelphia Following Green Infrastructure Policies. Land, 8(2), 28. https://doi.org/10.3390/land8020028.
TARH O AMAYESH consultant architects and town planners (2003). Kermanshah city master plan revision plan. Tehran, Iran. (in Persian)
Turner, T. (1989). Landscape ecology: The effect of pattern process. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst, 20, 171-197.
Turner, T. (2006). Greenway planning in Britain: recent work and future plans. Landscape and Urban Planning, 76(1-4), 240-251.
Wang, J. & Banzhaf, E. (2018). Towards a better understanding of Green Infrastructure: A critical review. Ecological Indicators, 85, 758-772.
Weber, T., Sloan, A., & Wolf, J. (2006). Maryland's Green Infrastructure Assessment: Development of a Comprehensive Approach to Land Conservation. Landscape and Urban Planning, 77(1-2), 94-110.
Yang, X., Zheng, X.-Q., & Chen, R., (2014). A land use change model: integrating landscape pattern indexes and Markov-CA. Ecological Modelling, 283, 1–7.
Zhang, D., Wang, W., Zheng, H., Ren, Z., Zhai, C., Tang, Z., Shen, G., & He, X. (2017). Effects of urbanization intensity on forest structural-taxonomic attributes, landscape patterns and their associations in Changchun, Northeast China: Implications for urban green infrastructure planning. Ecological Indicators, 80, 286-296.
Town and Country Planning
Volume 17, Issue 2
Autumn & Winter
October 2025
Pages 229-248

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 18 August 2025
  • Revise Date: 22 September 2025
  • Accept Date: 01 October 2025

Share

How to cite

Statistics