Typology and Prioritization of Territorial Capabilities for Tourism Development in Rural Areas of Khuzestan Province

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Human Geography, Faculty of Geographical Sciences and Planning, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

10.22059/jtcp.2025.391277.670499

Abstract

Rural tourism, as one of the most important strategies for sustainable development, plays a key role in improving the economic, social, and cultural conditions of rural areas. The Khuzestan Province, with its diverse territorial potentials, has a high capacity for rural tourism development. However, the optimal utilization of these potentials requires proper recognition and prioritization. Therefore, the present study focuses on the typology and prioritization of territorial capabilities for tourism development in the rural areas of Khuzestan Province. According to the goal of the research, a group of 35 experts from seven organizations in Khuzestan Province was selected to respond to the questionnaires. In order to identify the types of territorial capabilities suitable for tourism development in rural areas of the Province, the results of the final coefficients of the indices, derived from the average scores of weighting methods, showed that the indicators related to natural capabilities, agriculture, and handicrafts received the highest coefficients, with scores ranging from 0.26 to 0.24. Furthermore, to determine the level of the counties in the province based on territorial capabilities related to rural tourism development, the results of multi-criteria decision-making techniques and aggregation method showed that the counties of Dezful, Ahvaz, and Andimeshk, with scores ranging from 0.00 to 2.00, achieved the highest ranks. Additionally, the analysis of the results from the final map of territorial capabilities related to rural tourism development in the Province using geographic information system indicated that the share of high, middle, and low classes of the total province is 33.3% or ten counties, 23.3% or seven counties, and 43.3% or thirteen counties, respectively. This indicates that nearly half of the province is in an unfavorable condition in terms of having these types of capabilities.

Keywords

Main Subjects


آقاجری، زهره و شریف‌زاده، مریم (1403). واکاوی تعیین‌کننده‏‌های توسعة گردشگری روستایی در شهرستان دنا. گردشگری و توسعه، 13(2)، 157 ـ 169. doi:10.22034/jtd.2023.381504.2724
احسانی‌فر، تهمینه؛ شاه‌مرادی، مهنا؛ شهبازی، سمیه و رستمی، فرحناز (1398). تحلیل کیفی چالش‌های گردشگری روستایی در استان کرمانشاه. پژوهش‌های روستایی، 10(4)، 568 ـ 581.‎ doi:10.22059/jrur.2018.243187.1174
احمدی، فضل‌الله؛ محمدزاده، مرجان؛ ماهینی، عبدالرسول و میرکریمی، حامد (1397). ارزیابی جاذبه‌های گردشگری حوضة آبخیز قره‌سو بر اساس میزان تأثیرپذیری و تأثیرگذاری شاخص‌های محیط‌‌ ‌زیستی. آمایش سرزمین، 10(2)، 295-313. doi:10.22059/jtcp.2019.221510.669637
برومند، بابک؛ کاظمی، علی و رنجبریان، بهرام (۱۳۹۷). توسعة مدل بومی سنجش رقابت‌پذیری گردشگری مقاصد گردشگری ایران. تحقیقات بازاریابی نوین، 8(2)، 105 ـ 122. doi:10.22108/nmrj.2018.105465.1339
جوان، فرهاد؛ حسنوند، علی و عارف‌نژاد، محسن (1403). شناسایی تأثیرگذارترین و تأثیرپذیرترین عوامل توسعة گردشگری روستایی در راستای اقتصاد پایدار. پژوهش‌های جغرافیای اقتصادی، 5(15)، 84 ـ 98. doi:10.30470/jegr.2024.2022661.1143
حیدری‌ساربان، وکیل و حاجی‌حیدری، سمیه (1396). تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر موفقیت گردشگری روستایی (مطالعة موردی: روستای موئیل شهرستان مشگین‏‌شهر). برنامه‌ریزی فضایی، 7(4)، 73 ـ 92. doi:10.22108/sppl.2017.103974.1072
رحیمی، حسین و نقوی، علی (1403). ارائة مدلی برای شبیه‌سازی عوامل مؤثر بر توسعة گردشگری روستایی (مورد مطالعه: مجموعه روستاهای ده‌بالا، شهرستان تفت). پژوهش‌های روستایی، 15(2)، 240 ـ 259. doi:10.22059/jrur.2023.365392.1871
سازمان میراث فرهنگی، صنایع دستی و گردشگری استان خوزستان (1387). طرح جامع گردشگری استان خوزستان. دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز: اهواز.
عباسی، محمدجواد؛ سجادی، ژیلا؛ عبدالهی، علی و رضویان، محمدتقی (1399). تبیین عوامل مؤثر بر توسعة کارآفرینی گردشگری روستایی در ایران. مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری، 15(52)، 1 ـ 26. doi:10.22054/tms.2020.46417.2204
فرجی، امین و صحنه، فریبا (1399). ارزیابی توان اکولوژیک سرزمین در استان گلستان به منظور توسعة کاربری‌های کشاورزی با رویکرد آمایش سرزمین. آمایش سرزمین، 12(2)، 253 ـ 274. doi:10.22059/jtcp.2020.294811.670053
مرکز آمار ایران (1395). گزیده نتایج سرشماری عمومی نفوس و مسکن. تهران: انتشارات مرکز آمار ایران.
ـــــــــــــ (1400). طرح آمارگیری گردشگران ملی. تهران: انتشارات مرکز آمار ایران.
ـــــــــــــ (1401). سالنامة آماری استان خوزستان. تهران: انتشارات مرکز آمار ایران.
مرکز پژوهش‌های توسعه و آینده‌نگری (1399). گزارش مطالعات سند ملی آمایش در بخش میراث فرهنگی و گردشگری. تهران: انتشارات مرکز تحقیقات توسعه و آینده‌نگری.
مظفری، زهرا؛ قاسمی، مریم؛ بوذرجمهری، خدیجه و خوارزمی، امیدعلی (1401). قابلیت‌سنجی جاذبه‌های گردشگری در نواحی روستایی شهرستان نیشابور. برنامه‌ریزی توسعة کالبدی، 9(3)، 97 ـ 122. doi:10.30473/psp.2023.61089.2527
نجاتی، مهدی؛ شکیبایی، علی‌رضا و غلامی، مصطفی (1399). بررسی اثر ساختار سنی جمعیت بر رشد اقتصادی و بهره‌وری در ایران. مطالعات جمعیتی، 6(2)، 293 ـ 313. doi: 1022034/jips.2021.258479.1088
نوری، محمدجواد؛ شاهین، سمیرا و ملایی، فرشته (1401). اولویت‌بندی توسعة شهرک‌ها و دهکده‌های گردشگری در قلمرو فضایی استان مازندران. آمایش سرزمین، 14(2)، 427 ـ 462. doi:10.22059/jtcp.2022.337263.670294
      Abbas, J., Mamirkulova, G., Al-Sulaiti, I., Al-Sulaiti, K. I., & Dar, I. B. (2024). Mega-infrastructure Development, Tourism Sustainability and Quality of Life Assessment at World Heritage Sites: Catering to COVID-19 Challenges. Kybernetes, 54(4), 1993–2018. doi: 10.1108/k-07-2023-1345
Abbasi, M., Sajjadi, J., Abdollahi, A., & Razavian, M. (2020). Explaining the Factors Affecting the Development of Rural Tourism Entrepreneurship in Iran. Tourism Management Studies, 15(52), 1–26. doi:10.22054/tms.2020.46417.2204. (in Persian)
Aghajari, Z. & Sharifzadeh, M. (2024). Investigating Determinants of rural tourism Development in Dena County. Tourism and Development, 13(2), 157–169. doi: 10.22034/jtd.2023.381504.2724. (in Persian)
Ahmadi, F., Mohammadzadeh, M., Salmanmahiny, A., & Mirkarimi, S. H. (2018). Assessing Tourism Attractions of Gharahsoo Watershed Based on the Impact and Effectiveness of Environmental Criteria. Town and Country Planning, 10(2), 295–313. doi:10.22059/jtcp.2019.221510.669637. (in Persian)
Ahmadi, M., Asgari, S., & Ghanavati, E. (2015). Land Capability Evaluation for Ecotourism Development in Ilam Province, A GIS Approach. Bulletin of Geodetic Sciences, 21(1), 107–125. doi: 10.1590/S1982-21702015000100008.
Aldous, D. E. (2017). Integrating Horticulture into the Tourism Supply Chain. In Acta Horticulturae, 55–67. International Society for Horticultural Science: Leuven. doi:10.17660/actahortic.2017.1181.7.
Atun, R. A., Nafa, H., & Türker, Ö. O. (2018). Envisaging Sustainable Rural Development Through ‘Context-Dependent Tourism’: Case of Northern Cyprus. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 21(4), 1715–1744. doi: 10.1007/s10668-018-0100-8.
Ayhan, Ç. K., Taşlı, T. C., Özkök, F., & Tatlı, H. (2020). Land Use Suitability Analysis of Rural Tourism Activities: Yenice, Turkey. Tourism Management, 76, 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2019.07.003.
Bachi, L. & Carvalho, S. (2023). Markets for Non-Timber forest Products: The Role of community-based Tourism in Enhancing Brazil’s Sociobiodiversity. Forests, 14(2), 298. doi: 10.3390/F14020298/s1.
Bambi, G., Rossi, G., Barbari, M., Gasparella, L., & Savelli, S. (2023). Landscape Valorization and Rural Tourism Development: A Mobile Application for the Promotion of the Lauretana Way in Tuscany Region, Italy. Twelve International Conference of the Italian Association of Agricultural Engineering, 1039–1047. Springer International Publishing: New York. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-30329-6_107.
Besada, A. C., Vila, N. A., & Brea, J. A. F. (2019). Degree of Development of Rural Tourism in Galicia: The Complementary Offer as the Key to Success. Galician Journal of Economics, 28(1), 13–30. doi: 10.15304/rge.28.1.6188.
Blaowska, A. H., & Kupren, K. (2022). Tourist Attractiveness of Rural Communes in the Functional Urban area of Olsztyn: A Voivodship City. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Administratio Locorum, 21(3), 335–353. doi: 10.31648/aspal.7246.
Boroomand, B., Kazemi, A., & Ranjbarian, B. (2018). Developing a Domestic Model for Tourism Destinations Competitiveness Measurement in Iran. New Marketing Research Journal, 8(2), 105–122. doi:10.22108/nmrj.2018.105465.1339. (in Persian)
Cao, K., Shang, N., & Wang, M. (2023). Spatial Distribution Pattern and Accessibility Analysis of the Key Rural Tourism Villages in the Five Northwestern Provinces of China. Arid Land Geography, 46(7), 1196–1205. doi: 10.12118/j.issn.1000-6060.2022.531.
Carneiro, M. J., Lima, J., & Silva, A. L. (2015). Landscape and the rural tourism Experience: Identifying Key Elements, Addressing Potential, and Implications for the Future. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 23(8), 1217–1235. doi: 10.1080/09669582.2015.1037840.
Chen, X. & Li, J. (2023). Facilitating Knowledge-Driven Economic and Social Development: The Significance of Demographic Transformation in Tourism Villages in China. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15(3), 13890–13918. doi: 10.1007/s13132-023-01676-0.
Chowdhury, S., Dey, A., & Alzarrad, A. (2024). Charting Pathways to Holistic Development: Challenges and Opportunities in the Navajo Nation. Environment Systems and Decisions, 44(3), 695–709. doi: 10.1007/s10669-024-09968-9.
Ciolac, R., Constantinescu, S., Adamov, T., Marin, D., & Banda, A. (2017). Development of Rural Tourism with Ecological Character: Ecovillage-Investments and Benefits. Surveying Geology and Mining Ecology Management, 17(53), 217–224. doi: 10.5593/sgem2017/53/s21.025.
Cucari, N., Wankowicz, E., & De Falco, S. E. (2019). Rural Tourism and Albergo Diffuso: A Case Study for Sustainable Land-Use Planning. Land Use Policy, 82, 105–119. doi: 10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.11.050.
Curčić, N., Svitlica, A. M., Brankov, J., Bjeljac, Z., Pavlovic, S., & Jandzikovic, B. (2021). The role of Rural Tourism in Strengthening the Sustainability of Rural Areas: The Case of Zlakusa Village. Journal of Sustainability, 13(12), 1–23. doi: 10.3390/su13126747.
Dai, L., Wan, L., Xu, B., & Wu, B. (2017). How to Improve Rural Tourism Development in Chinese Suburban Villages: Empirical Findings from a Quantitative Analysis of Eight rural tourism Destinations in Beijing. Area, 49(2), 156–165. doi: 10.1111/area.12308.
Development and Foresight Research Center (2020). National Planning Document Studies Report in the Cultural Heritage and Tourism Sector. Tehran: Development and Foresight Research Center Press.
Ding, M., Zhu, B., Chen, B., & Han, D. (2025). A Model to Assess the Sustainability of Rural Tourism Based on a People-Oriented Concept: A Case Study of the Villages in the Fuchun River Basin, China. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering, 24(1), 472–486. doi: 10.1080/13467581.2023.2292090.
Dou, Y., Dzhylkychieva, Z., Wang, L., Yang, Q., & Liang, Z. (2024). Prospects for the Development of Rural Tourism in China in the Context of the One Belt, One Road initiative. Health, Science and Technology, 3, 761. doi: 10.56294/sctconf2024.761.
Ehsanifar, T., Shahmoradi, M., Shahbazi, S., & Rostami, F. (2020). A Qualitative Analysis of Rural Tourism Challenges of Kermanshah Province. Journal of Rural Research, 10(4), 568–581. doi: 10.22059/jrur.2018.243187.1174. (in Persian)
Estiri, M., Dahooie, J. H., Hosseini, F., & Khajeheian, D. (2021). Proposing a New Model for Shopping Centre Attractiveness Assessment by a Combination of Structural Equation Modelling and Additive Ratio Assessment. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(11), 1542–1560. doi: 10.1080/13683500.2020.1815667.
Faraji, A. & Sahneh, F. (2020). The ecologic Capability Evaluation of Golestan Province Lands Through a Land-Use Approach to Develop Agricultural Uses. Town & Country Planning, 12(2), 253–274. doi:10.22059/jtcp.2020.294811.670053. (in Persian)
Ferreira, D. I. R. & Martín, J. M. S. (2020). Agriculture as Tourism Product in Rural Areas: A Debate that Remains Open literature. Investigaciones Turisticas, 20, 97–123. doi: 10.14198/inturi2020.20.05.
Fotiadis, A., Nuryyev, G., Achyldurdyyeva, J., & Spyridou, A. (2019). The Impact of EU Sponsorship, Size, and Geographic Characteristics on Rural Tourism Development. Sustainability, 11(8), 2375. doi: 10.3390/SU11082375
Grilli, G., Tyllianakis, E., Luisetti, T., Ferrini, S., & Turner, R. K. (2021). Prospective Tourist Preferences for Sustainable Tourism Development in Small Island Developing States. Tourism Management, 82, 1–12. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2020.104178
Habibi, F., Rahmati, M., & Karimi, A. (2018). Contribution of Tourism to Economic Growth in Iran’s Provinces: GDM Approach. Future Business Journal, 4(2), 261–271. doi:10.1016/j.fbj.2018.09.001.
Haibo, C., Ayamba, E. C., Udimal, T. B., Agyemang, A. O., & Ruth, A. (2020). Tourism and Sustainable Development in China: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(31), 39077-39093. doi:10.1007/s11356-020-10016-7.
Han, Y., Wang, Y., Yu, H., Luo, W., Wang, K., & Sui, C. (2024). Spatial Synergy Between Tourism Resources and Tourism Service Facilities in Mountainous Counties: A Case Study of Qimen, Huangshan, China. Land, 13(7), 999. doi: 10.3390/land13070999.
Hassan, H., Tan, S. K., Rahman, M. S., & Sade, A. B. (2017). Preservation of Malaysian Handicraft to Support Tourism Development. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 32(3), 402–417. doi: 10.1504/ijesb.2017.087022.
Heidari-Sarban, V. & Bakhtar, S. (2018). Analysis of Factors Affecting the Success of Rural Tourism, Case study: Moeil Village, Meshginshar County. Journal of Spatial Planning, 7(4), 73–92. doi:10.22108/sppl.2017.103974.1072. (in Persian)
Helgadóttir, G. & Dashper, K. (2021). 20-Years of Nordic rural Tourism Research: a Review and Future Research Agenda. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 21(1), 60–69. doi:10.1080/15022250.2020.1823246.
Huyan, W. & Li, J. (2022). Research on Rural Tourism Service Intellectualization Based on neural network Algorithm and Optimal Classification Decision Function. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 1–21. doi:10.1007/S12652-021-03039-6.
Huylenbroeck, G., Vanslembrouck, I., Calus, M., & Van de Velde, L. (2006). Synergies between Farming and Rural Tourism: Evidence from Flanders. EuroChoices, 5(1), 14–21. doi: 10.1111/j.1746-692X.2006.00021.x.
Ion, R. & Petre, I. (2024). Influence Analysis of Different Factors from the Tourism Sector on Rural Gross Value Added: Cross-Section Analysis at the EU level. Sustainability, 16(20), 8997. doi: 10.3390/su16208997.
Iran Statistical Center (2016). General Census of Population and Housing. Tehran: Iran Statistics Center Publication. (in Persian)
-------------------------- (2021a). National Tourist Statistics Plan. Tehran: Iran Statistics Center Publication. (in Persian)
Iran Statistical Center. (2021b). Statistical Yearbook of Khuzestan Province. Tehran: Iran Statistics Center Publication. (in Persian)
Javan, F., Hasanvand, A., & Arefnezhad, M. (2024). Identification of the Most Influential and Influenced Factors in Rural Tourism Development towards Sustainable Economy. Economic Geography Research, 5(15), 84–98. doi:10.30470/jegr.2024.2022661.1143. (in Persian)
Jiang, X., Song, X., Zhao, H., & Zhang, H. (2021). Rural Tourism Network Evaluation Based on Resource Control Ability Analysis: A Case Study of Ning’an, China. Land, 10(4), 1–16. doi:10.3390/land10040427.
Juárez, J. P., Ramírez-Valverde, B., & Méndez-Serrano, L. (2024). Economic Impact of Cultural Tourism in Rural Areas of Mexico. A Case Study. Revista de Geografia Norte Grande, 2024(87), 1–18. doi: 10.4067/s0718-34022024000100102.
Kartsan, P. (2022). Transport Communication and Organization of Transport Services in the Tourism Sector. Transportation Research Procedia, 61, 180–184. doi: 10.1016/j.trpro.2022.01.029.
Khuzestan Province Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization. (2008). Comprehensive Tourism Plan of Khuzestan Province. Ahvaz: Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz.
Koster, R. L. & Carson, D. A. (2019). Perspectives on Rural Tourism Geographies: Case Studies from Developed Nations on the Exotic, the Fringe and the Boring Bits in Between. New York: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-11950-8
Lee, J. Y. & Kim, Y. P. (2020). Effect of Distance Properties on Revitalization of Tourism Industry, Regional Development and Regional Image after Opening of KTX Gangneung Line. Journal of The Korean Society for Railway, 23(10), 989–1000. doi: 10.7782/jksr.2020.23.10.989.
Lee, L. C., Wang, Y., & Zuo, J. (2021). The Nexus of Water-Energy-Food in China’s Tourism Industry. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 164, 1–9. doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105157.
Leković, K., Tomić, S., Marić, D., & Ćurčić, N. V. (2020). Cognitive Component of the Image of a Rural Tourism destination as a Sustainable Development Potential. Sustainability, 12(22), 1–12. doi:10.3390/SU12229413.
Lin, J. (2018). A demographic Approach to Evaluate the Development of Tourism Industry of Mainland China. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 6(3), 33–49. doi: 10.4236/jss.2018.63004.
Liu, C., Dou, X., Li, J., & Cai, L. A. (2020). Analyzing Government role in rural Tourism Development: An Empirical Investigation from China. Rural Studies, 79, 177–188. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2020.08.046.
Lo, M. C., Chin, C. H., & Law, F. Y. (2017). Tourists’ Perspectives on Hard and Soft Services Toward Rural Tourism Destination Competitiveness: Community Support as a Moderator. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 19(2), 139–157. doi:10.1177/1467358417715677,
Machado, H., Vareiro, L., Mendes, R., & Sousa, B. (2022). Sustainability in Rural Tourism: The Strategic Perspective of Owners. Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, 293, 103–112. doi: 10.1007/978-981-19-1040-1_9.
Mănescu, C., Mateoc-Sîrb, N., Adamov, T. C., Marin, D., Moisa, S., & Gordan, M. I. (2024). Identification of Opportunities for Capitalizing on Tourist Potential in Hunedoara County Through rural Tourism Activities and Supporting the Development of the Local Community. Sustainability, 16(19), 8296. doi:10.3390/su16198296.
Manta, O. (2019). Financial Instruments for Tourism and Agrotourism in Romania. Caring and Sharing: The Cultural Heritage Environment as an Agent for Change. pp. 345–359. New York: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-89468-3_30.
Markantoni, M., Koster, S., & Strijker, D. (2014). Side-activity entrepreneur: Lifestyle or economically oriented, In Agglomeration, Clusters and Entrepreneurship: Studies in Regional Economic Development, pp. 132–156. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. doi: 10.4337/9781783472635.00013.
Marques, J., Silva, C., & Abrantes, J. L. (2021). Nature-based Tourism Motivations: Case Study of Douro Internacional, Arribes Del Douro and Serra Da Estrela Nature Parks. Journal of Tourism and Development, 2(36), 447. doi:10.34624/rtd.v36i2.5395.
Martín, J. M. G., Martínez, J. M. S., & Fernández, J. A. (2018). An analysis of the Factors Behind the Citizen’s Attitude of rejection Towards Tourism in a Context of Overtourism and Economic Dependence on this Activity. Sustainability, 10(8), 1–18. doi:10.3390/su10082851.
Martínez, J. M. G., Martín, J. M. M., Fernández, J. A. S., & Guerrero, H. M. (2019). An Analysis of the Stability of Rural Tourism as a Desired Condition for Sustainable Tourism. Journal of Business Research, 100, 165–174. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.03.033.
Masih, M., Jozi, S. A., Lahijanian, A., Danehkar, A., & Vafaeinejad, A. (2018). Capability Assessment and Tourism Development Model Verification of Haraz Watershed Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190(8), 1–16. doi:10.1007/s10661-018-6823-z.
Mohanan, P. (2024). Revitalizing ancient sites: Sustainable tourism strategies for preservation and community development. In Building Community Resiliency and Sustainability with Tourism Development, pp. 171–195. Hershey: IGI Global Publishing. doi: 10.4018/979-8-3693-5405-6.ch008.
Moliterni, S., Zulauf, K., & Wagner, R. (2025). A taste of Rural: Exploring the Uncaptured Value of Tourism in Basilicata. Tourism Management, 107, 105069. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2024.105069.
Mozaffari, Z., Ghasemi, M., Bouzarjomehri, K., & Kharazmi, O. A. (2022). Capability Assessment of Rural Areas of Neishabour County in Terms of Tourist Attractions. Physical Social Planning, 9(3), 97–122. doi:10.30473/psp.2023.61089.2527. (in Persian)
Muzurura, J., Mutambara, E., & Mahohoma, T. (2022). In search of Heterotopia Religiosity, Motives for Religious Tourism and Pilgrimages to Zion Christian Church Mbungo Shrine: A Case from Zimbabwe. Pharos Journal of Theology, 103, 1–16. doi: 10.46222/pharosjot.10327.
Nejati, M., Shakibaee, A., & Gholami, M. (2020). Investigating the Effect of Population Age Structure on Economic Growth and Productivity in Iran. Iranian Population Studies, 6(2), 293–313. doi: 1022034/jips.2021.258479.1088. (in Persian)
Nematpour, M., Khodadadi, M., & Rezaei, N. (2021). Systematic Analysis of Development in Iran’s Tourism Market in the form of Future Study: A New Method of Strategic Planning. Futures, 125, 1–20. doi:10.1016/j.futures.2020.102650.
Nooripoor, M., Khosrowjerdi, M., Rastegari, H., Sharifi, Z., & Bijani, M. (2021). The role of Tourism in Rural Development: Evidence from Iran. GeoJournal, 86(4), 1705–1719. doi: 10.1007/S10708-020-10153-z.
Nouri, M. J., Shahin, S., & Molaei, F. (2022). Prioritizing the Development of Touristic Towns and Villages Within the Spatial Area of Mazandaran Province. Town and Country Planning, 14(2), 427–462. doi:10.22059/jtcp.2022.337263.670294. (in Persian)
Ohe, Y. (2008). Impact of Rural Tourism Operated by Retiree Farmers on Multifunctionality: Evidence from Chiba, Japan. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 13(4), 343–356. doi: 10.1080/10941660802420945.
Pechlaner, H., Bialk-Wolf, A., & Zacher, D. (2015). The Role of Cultural Activities in Tourism Development: An Urban-rural Perspective. Tourism Culture and Communication, 15(1), 47–58. doi:10.3727/109830415x14339495039450.
Peng, X. & Feng, M. (2022). Study on the Path of Integration Between Agriculture and Tourism Industry in the Context of Ecological Revitalization: Taking Tongshan County as an Example. In Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Green Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development, 23, pp. 833–837. IOS Press: Amsterdam. doi:10.3233/atde220358.
Pratt, S. & Alizadeh, V. (2018). The Economic Impact of the Lifting of Sanctions on Tourism in Iran: A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(11), 1221–1238. doi:10.1080/13683500.2017.1307329.
Puška, A., Šadić, S., Maksimović, A., & Stojanović, I. (2020). Decision Support Model in the Determination of Rural Touristic Destination Attractiveness in the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 20(4), 387–405. doi:10.1177/1467358420904100.
Qian, F., Lal, R., & Wang, Q. (2021). Land Evaluation and Site Assessment for the basic Farmland Protection in Lingyuan County, Northeast China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 314, 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128097.
Qiu, W. W., Yu, H. T., Lin, P. M. C., & Wilson AU, W. C. (2024). Evaluating rural Homestay Accommodations in China Using the Hospitality Index: An Online Review-Based Approach. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 121, 103792. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2024.103792.
Rahimi, H. R. & Naghavi, S. A. (2024). Presenting a Model for Simulating Rural Tourism Development Determinants, Case Study: Deh-e Bala Villages, Taft County, Iran. Journal of Rural Research, 15(2), 240–259 doi:10.22059/jrur.2023.365392.1871. (in Persian)
Rebuya, N. R., Lasarte, E. S., Amador, M. M. A., & Roca, G. R. D. la. (2020). Assessing Religious Tourism Motivational Factors and Experiences of Visitors to Selected Religious Sites in Camarines Sur, Philippines. Open Access Library Journal, 7(6), 1–10. doi:10.4236/oalib.1106404.
Saeedi, H. & Hanzaee, K. H. (2018). The Effects of Heritage Image on Destination Branding: An Iranian Perspective. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 13(2), 152–166. doi:10.1080/1743873x.2016.1264958.
Saepudin, E., Budiono, A., & Halimah, M. (2018). Development Strategy of Education Tourism in Cibodas Village in West Bandung Regency. Journal of Environmental Management and Tourism, 9(8), 1684–1695. doi: 10.14505/jemt.v9.8(32).07.
Schilling, C., & Kastenholz, E. (2024). Getting Youth on Board with Co-Creative Tourism: A Step Toward Sustainable Development in Small Towns and Rural Communities. Journal of Tourism and Development, 47, 314–342. doi: 10.34624/rtd.v47i0.38739.
Semwal, R., Tyagi, P., Tripathi, N., & Singh, A. (2024). Cultural Crossroads: Communities Guiding Transformation in Tourism. Examining Tourist Behaviors and Community Involvement in Destination Rejuvenation. pp. 164–179. Hershey: IGI Global Publishing. doi:10.4018/979-8-3693-6819-0.ch013.
Seyfi, S. & Hall, C. M. (2018). Tourism in Iran: Challenges, Development, and Issues. First Edition. London: Routledge Publisher. doi:10.4324/9781315146409.
Shao, Y. & Sun, Y. (2023). Governing for Spatial Reconfiguration in tourism-Oriented Peri-Urban Villages: New Developments from Three Cases in China. Buildings, 13(2), 519. doi: 10.3390/buildings13020519.
Singgalen, Y. A., Sasongko, G., & Wiloso, P. G. (2019). Ritual Capital for Rural Livelihood and Sustainable Tourism Development in Indonesia. Journal of Tropical Forest Management, 25(2), 115–115. doi:10.7226/jtfm.25.2.115.
Singhania, O., Swain, S. K., & George, B. (2022). Interdependence and Complementarity Between Rural Development and Rural Tourism: a Bibliometric Analysis. Rural Society, 31(1), 15–32. doi:10.1080/10371656.2022.2062198.
Soszynski, D., Sowińska-Świerkosz, B., Stokowski, P. A., & Tucki, A. (2018). Spatial Arrangements of Tourist Villages: Implications for the Integration of Residents and Tourists. Tourism Geographies, 20(5), 770–790. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2017.1387808.
Sun, J., Ma, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, X., & Liang, L. (2020). Rural Tourism Industry Revitalization Path Based on the Analysis of Lock-In Effects. Progress in Geography, 39(6), 1037–1046. doi: 10.18306/dlkxjz.2020.06.013.
Tenreiro, R. N. & Martinho, V. J. P. (2024). Tourism in Rural Areas as a Broader Concept: Some Insights from the Portuguese Reality. Open Agriculture, 9(1), 1–17. doi: 10.1515/opag-2022-0345.
Tleuberdinova, A., Kulik, X. V, Pratt, S., & Kulik, V. B. (2022). Exploring the Resource Potential for the Development of Ecological Tourism in Rural Areas: The case of Kazakhstan. Tourism Review International, 26(4), 321–336. doi:10.3727/154427222x16716277765989.
Trono, A., Castronuovo, V., & Kosmas, P. (2024). Managing Natural and Cultural Heritage for a Durable Tourism. First Edition. New York: Springer International Publishing. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-52041-9.
Velu, N. & Anuradha, A. (2024). Reinvigorating Rural Tourism market potential through Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy and Heritage Education. Journal of Tourism, Heritage and Services Marketing, 10(2), 33–46. doi: 10.5281/zenodo.14534671.
Vizuete, D. D. C., Montoya, A. V. G., & Santamaría, G. E. R. (2023). Evaluation of the Importance of Rural Tourist Attractions in Riobamba Canton, Ecuador. Environment Systems and Decisions, 43(2), 200–210. doi:10.1007/S10669-022-09871-1.
Vora-Sittha, P. (2016). Economic Impact of Tourism Accommodation: Thailand. Asian Social Science, 12(7), 222–230. doi: 10.5539/ass.v12n7p222.
Vuksanović, N., Demirović Bajrami, D., Petrović, M. D., Radovanović, M. M., Malinović-Milićević, S., Radosavac, A., Obradović, V., & Ergović Ravančić, M. (2024). The Role of Culinary Tourism in local marketplace Business: New Outlook in the Selected Developing Area. Agriculture, 14(1), 130. doi: 10.3390/agriculture14010130.
Walzer, N., Blair, R., & Phillips, R. (2020). Introduction: An Overview of 50 Years of Community Development. London: Routledge Publisher. doi:10.4324/9781003103066-1.
Wang, J., Han, G., You, J., Zhu, L., Li, Y., & Zhou, X. (2023). Analysis of the Spatial Relationship Between Ecosystem Regulation Services and Rural Tourism. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 3888. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20053888.
Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Zhang, W., Chao, I. C., & Li, H. (2024). The Impact of Rural Tourism on Rural Culture Evidence from China. Agriculture, 14(12), 2116. doi: 10.3390/agriculture14122116.
Zhang, Q., Feng, H., Feng, X., Xu, W., & Wei, L. (2024). Has Digitalization Boosted the rural tourism Income, Evidence from Prefecture-level City Panel Data in China. Land, 14(1), 17. doi:10.3390/land14010017.
Zhang, Y., Li, W., Li, Z., Yang, M., Zhai, F., Li, Z., Yao, H., & Li, H. (2022). Spatial Distribution Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Key Rural Tourism Villages in China. Sustainability, 14(21), 14064. doi: 10.3390/su142114064.
Zhou, Y. & Liu, M. (2010). The Function Analysis of Informationization in New Rural Cooperatives Medical Service Management. IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 317, 305–311. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-12220-0_44.
Zolotarev, S., Kusakina, O., Ryazantsev, I., Yushchenko, I., & Ivashova, V. (2023). Transport Accessibility Assessment of Rural Tourism Facilities. E3S Web of Conferences, 376, p. 04005. EDP Sciences: Les Ulis. doi:10.1051/e3sconf/202337604005.