Analysis of Spatial and Population Distribution Inequalities of the Clients Covered in Mashhad

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Geography, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 M.Sc. Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran

3 M.Sc. Department of Sociology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

4 Assistant Professor, Faculty of Humanities, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Spatial imbalances and spatial inequalities exist at different levels, and the realization of spatial and social justice at these levels depends on eliminating these imbalances through spatial planning. Service organizations to clients and, most importantly, the Welfare Organization, may have a lot of data and figures from their clients, but in many cases, existing data does not have a spatial dimension, and they are purely descriptive. The main objective of this research is to analyses spatially clients covered by welfare in the scale of Mashhad, in both regional and neighborhood level. The statistics required for this study are collected from the Department of Welfare of Khorasan Razavi and Mashhad. The methods used for spatial analysis are the standard deviation elliptic index, regional and neighborhood demographic density, kernel density, basic graphic statistical methods including the nearest neighbor's index, spatial autocorrelation measurement models such as general Moran I and LISA. The results of this research, presented in various maps and diagrams, show that the welfare beneficiaries in the city of Mashhad have not been distributed equally and different regions and neighborhoods have a significant difference, with the highest number of clients in regions 2, 3 and 4, the city of Mashhad where tjeay are located in the north and northeastern parts of the city. Also, at the neighborhood level, Shahid Ghorbani, Northern Tabarsi, Derevey and Bahman neighborhoods include the most welfare-clients population. In a general analysis based on the kernel density analysis, it can be stated that four condensed nuclei and a subunit formed in the city of Mashhad. Also, the results of Moran indicator and others indicate that the spatial distribution pattern of welfare clients in Mashhad is quite clustered and in particular parts of Mashhad, which mainly coincide with the informal settlements of the city and the eastern and northern parts of the city are distributed in cluster form.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Anselin, L. (1995). Local indicators of spatial association—LISA. Geographical Analysis, 27(2), pp. 93-115.
Anselin, L. (1999). The future of spatial analysis in the social sciences. Geographic Information Sciences, 5(2), pp. 67-76.
Anselin, L. (2013). Spatial econometrics: methods and models. Vol. 4, Springer Science & Business Media.
Bansal, P., & Ardell, A. J. (1972). Average nearest-neighbor distances between uniformly distributed finite particles. Metallography, 5(2), pp. 97-111.
Bemanian, M. R., Rezaei Rad; H. & Rezaei, M. (2011). Assessment of economic features in identification of urban poverty areas using Delphi and AHP in Kashmar, Urban Management Quarterly, 5 (2), pp. 153- 166. (in Persian).
Bokharaei, A., Sanati-Sharghi, N., Rostami, S. B., & Sharbatiyan, M. H. (2018). Spatial analysis of social happiness in Mashhad. Journal of Physical Development Planning, 11(3), pp. 134-153 (in Persian).
Duclos, J. Y., & Araar, A. (2007). Poverty and equity: measurement, policy and estimation with DAD. Vol. 2, Springer Science & Business Media.
Ebrahmizadeh, I. (2015). An analysis of challenges of implication of spatio temporal justice in Iran in approach of spatial planning. The Fourth Conference of Islamic- Iranian Pattern of Development, Tehran (in Persian).
Farhadi Khah, H., HatamiNejad, H., Shahi, A., & Zafari, M. (2017). Spatial analysis of urban poverty in scale of neighborhood in Mashhad. Urban Economics, 2(3), pp. 17-36 (in Persian).
Flahaut, B. T., Mouchart, M., San Martin, E., & Thomas, I. (2003). The local spatial autocorrelation and the kernel method for identifying black zones: A comparative approach. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35(6), pp. 991-1004.
Getis, A., & Ord, J. K. (1992). The analysis of spatial association by use of distance statistics Perspectives on Spatial Data Analysis (pp. 127-145): Springer.
GWOM, (2018). Comprehensive well-being information for people covered.
Harvey, D. (2010). Social justice and the city. Vol. 1, University of Georgia Press.
Hosseini, A., Pourahmad, A., & Ziari, K. (2019). Analysis of urban spatial structure based on the spatial distribution of population in Tehran, A polycentric city morphological approach. Geographical Planning of Space Quarterly Journal, 30(4), pp. 19-38.
Javaheri, H., HatamiNejad, H., & Ziari, K. (2014). Fuzzy approach and urban poverty zoning in Kamyaran. Regional Planning, 4(13), pp. 13-30 (in Persian). 
Kent, J., & Leitner, M. (2007). Efficacy of standard deviational ellipses in the application of criminal geographic profiling. Journal of Investigative Psychology and Offender Profiling, 4(3), pp. 147-165.
Khorasani, M. A., Tavana, M., & Sufi Neyestani, M. (2017). Afraid of crime in urban complexes of Mehr in Pakdasht, Quarterly of Geographical Urban Research, 5(4), pp. 515-537 (in Persian).
Khosravi, A. A. (2012). Poverty estimation and poverty indicators in urban and rural areas. Quarterly of Economic Modeling, 6(2), pp. 39-60 (in Persian).
Lawrence, R. J. (2002). Inequalities in urban areas: innovative approaches to complex issues. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 30(59), pp. 34-40.
Lawson, R., & Todd, S. (2002). Consumer lifestyles: a social stratification perspective. Marketing Theory, 2(3), pp. 295-307.
Legendre, P. (1993). Spatial autocorrelation: trouble or new paradigm? Ecology, 74(6), pp. 1659-1673.
Longley, P. A., Goodchild, M. F., Maguire, D. J., & Rhind, D. W. (2005). Geographic information systems and science, New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Majidi Khameneh, B., & Mohammadi, A. R. (2005). An introduction to poverty and assessment of urban poverty. Journal of Iranian Geographical Association, 2(6,7), pp. 135-145 (in Persian).
Montgomery, M. (2009). Urban poverty and health in developing countries.
Movahhed, A., Valinoori, S., Hataminejad, H., Zanganeh, A., & Kamanroodi Kajouri, M. (2016). Spatial analysis of urban poverty in Tehran metropolis. Journal of Urban Economics and Management, 15(4), pp. 19-37 (in Persian).
Ord, J. K., & Getis, A. (1995). Local spatial autocorrelation statistics: distributional issues and an application. Geographical Analysis, 27(4), pp. 286-306.
Ord, J. K., & Getis, A. (2001). Testing for local spatial autocorrelation in the presence of global autocorrelation. Journal of Regional Science, 41(3), pp. 411-432.
Pi Alperin, M. N. (2008). A comparison of multidimensional deprivation characteristics between natives and immigrants in Luxembourg. IRISS Working Paper Series. An Integrated Research Infrastructure in the Socio-economic Sciences.
Ren, C. (2011). Modeling poverty dynamics in moderate-poverty neighborhoods: a multi-level approach. Doctoral dissertation, The Ohio State University.
Rezaei, M. R., Aliyan, M., & Khavarian, A. R. (2014). Identification and assessment of urban pverty areas in Yazd. Quarterly of Human Geography Research, 46(3), pp. 677 – 695 (in Persian).
Roustaei, Sh., Ahadnejad, M., Zamani, A., & Zanganeh, A. R. (2012). Comparative pattern of urban poverty in Kermanshah in period of 1996-2006, Quarterly of Urban and Regional Studies and Research, 3(12), pp. 17-40 (in Persian).
Roustaei, Sh., Karimzadeh, H., & Rahmati, K. (2016). Analysis of spatial inequalities based on socio- economoic and physical indicators in middle sized cities (case study: Miaddoab). Quarterly of Geographical Urban Research, 4(3), pp. 49-417 (in Persian).
Roustaei, Sh., Asghari Zamani, A., & Zadvali, F. (2018). Identification of effecting contributors on urban poverty areas in Akhmaghieh of Tabriz, Quarterly of Geographical Urban Research, 6(1), pp. 91-111 (in Persian).
Salvucci, V., Betti, G., & Gagliardi, F. (2012). Multidimensional and Fuzzy Measures of Poverty and Inequality at National and Regional Level in Mozambique. Quaderni del dipartimento di economia politica e statistica, Luglio.
Sarrafi, M. (2000). Planning of regional development, National organization of planning and management. Center of scientific documents, Tehran (in Persian).
Sarvar, R., & Ismaeilzadeh, H. (2007). Spatial planning, the requested of social justice. Geographical Quarterly of Sarzamin, 4(14), pp. 75-88 (in Persian).
Scott, L. M., & Janikas, M. V. (2010). Spatial statistics in ArcGIS Handbook of applied spatial analysis (pp. 27-41), Springer.
Simler, K., Harrower, S., & Massingarela, C. (2004). Estimating poverty indices from simple indicator surveys. Paper presented at the conference on “Growth, poverty reduction and human development in Africa. Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
Smith, D. M., Gregory, D., & Johnston, R. J. (1994). The dictionary of human geography. Blackwell Reference.
Tavakolinia, J., Moslemi, A., Firouzi, E., & Bandani, S. (2015). An analysis on distribution of population and urban services based on social justice in Ardabil, Quarterly of Geographical Urban Research, 3(3), pp. 285 – 308 (in Persian).  
Tiefelsdorf, M., & Boots, B. (1995). The exact distribution of Moran's I. Environment and Planning A, 27(6), pp. 985-999.
Tiefelsdorf, M., & Boots, B. (1997). A note on the extremities of local Moran's Iis and their impact on global Moran's I. Geographical Analysis, 29(3), pp. 248-257.
United-Nations. (2008). World urbanization prospects: The 2007 revision population database: United Nations Population Division New York, NY.
Wang, B., Shi, W., & Miao, Z. (2015). Confidence analysis of standard deviational ellipse and its extension into higher dimensional Euclidean space. PloS One, 10(3), e0118537.
World Bank. (2002). The report of global development against poverty, translated by management and planning organization, Tehran, Iran,(in Persian).
Yousefi, A., & Warshaei, S. (2010). Social Inequality in the Urban Space of Mashhad: Estimation of Income and Education Inequalities in Urban Areas. Journal of Iranian Social Studies, 12(4), pp. 152-184 (in Persian).
Zangaaneh, A., Talkhabi, H. R., Gazrani, F., & Yusefi, M. (2015). Spatial areas of urban poverty. Spatial analysis of Environmental Disasters, 2(1), pp. 93-107(in Persian).
Town and Country Planning
Volume 12, Issue 1
Spring & Summer
April 2020
Pages 175-203

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 04 December 2019
  • Revise Date: 29 February 2020
  • Accept Date: 29 February 2020

Share

How to cite

Statistics