An Examination of the Effect of Land Use Changes on the Temporal-Spatial Models of Land Surface Temperature Using Remote Sensing and GIS Data (Case Study: Ilam City)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Department of Geography and Urban Planning, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran

Abstract

Due to the vast changes it brings about in the land use and land cover, the rapid expansion of cities has had many negative effects on the environmental quality at global level. Examples include air quality, increased temperature, changes in perspective, and the alteration of agricultural lands into barren lands that leads to the loss of biodiversity. Since land use changes happen at extensively, remote sensing technology is a necessary, efficient, and valuable means to monitor changes. In this study, the effect of land use changes on the temporal-spatial patterns of land surface temperature in the urban lands of Ilam city in a 30-year period (1990-2020) was examined using Landsat satellite images and simulation of changes using fuzzy ARTMAP neural network model. Landsat satellite sensors (TM, OLI, ETM) were used to investigate the longitudinal and spatial changes (LST) in Ilam city.  To provide the land use map, the pixel-based classification for all periods (1990-1995-2000-2005-2010-2015-2020) was applied using ENVI and Ecognitio software packs and then estimations were made using NDVI and LST models. The results showed that Ilam city ecosystem has moderate levels of NDVI. The average temperature of residential land use level in June is 35.8 degrees centigrade, and the temperatures of three land uses of horticulture, agriculture, and other uses (uncovered lands) were 32.22, 37.25, and 38.46, respectively, with the main lands with the minimum temperature being green highlands. In city, existence of high rise buildings and building shading, use of materials with less heat absorption such as Isogam, urban green space and furniture, and air pollution lead to lesser absorption of energy. On the other hand, the spatial distribution of NDVI was aligned with LSP values. The results regarding land use areas using fuzzy-neural network show that residential land uses has risen from 19.18 percent in 1990 to 39.35 percent in 2020, which shows the city expansion and development. On the other hand, the horticultural land use has declined from 8.64 in 1990 to 3.49 in 2020, which can be attributed to the development of urban space.

Keywords

Main Subjects


آرخی، صالح؛ اصفهانی، محدثه (1398). پیش‏بینی تغییرات کاربری اراضی با استفاده از تصاویر چندزمانه و مدل زنجیره‏ای MARKOV (مورد شناسی: شهر ایلام)، فصل نامه  جغرافیا و آمایش شهری‌ منطقه‏ای، سال نهم، شماره 30، ص 112- 95.
آرخی، صالح؛ کلوی، شیرین (1398). مقایسه روش‏های طبقه‏بندی پیکسل‏پایه و شیءگرا در تهیه نقشه کاربری اراضی با استفاده از تصویر ماهواره‏ای (مورد شناسی: شهر ایلام)، جغرافیا و آمایش شهری‌ منطقه‏ای، سال نهم، شماره 32، ص 16- 1.
آروین، عباس‌علی (1397). بررسی جزیره حرارتی در ارتباط با آلودگی هوا در شهر اصفهان، جغرافیا و مخاطرات محیطی، شماره 25، ص 129- 115.
اسماعیل‏پور، نجما؛ عزیز‏پور، ملکه (1388). تغییر کاربری اراضی کشاورزی و افزایش نسبی دمای شهر یزد ناشی از رشد سریع آن، مجله جغرافیا و توسعه  ناحیه‏ای، شماره 12، ص 54 ـ 37.
امینی، سمیرا؛  زارع؛ حیدر، اکبری، مهدی (1393). برآورد دما و شاخص پوشش گیاهی سطح زمین با استفاده از داده‏های سنجش از دور (مطالعه موردی: استان همدان)، پژوهش‏های جغرافیای طبیعی، سال چهل وششم، شماره 3، ص 348- 333.
بابایی فینی، ام ‌السلمه (1394). بررسی رابطه دمای سطح زمین و شاخص بهنجارشده پوشش گیاهی در محیط شهری (مطالعه موردی: کلان‏شهر اصفهان)، فصل نامه جغرافیای طبیعی، سال هشتم، شماره 29، ص 90- 75.
جمالی، زهرا؛  اونق؛ مجید، سلمان ماهینی، عبدالرسول (1398). تحلیل ارتباط دمای سطح زمین با کاربری اراضی و شاخص اختلاف گیاهی نرمال‏شده در دشت گرگان، برنامه‏ریزی و آمایش فضا، دوره بیست و سوم، شماره 3، ص 194- 174.
حلبیان، امیرحسین؛ پروین؛ نادر، نقیب‌زاده، رؤیا (1400). تحلیل تغییرات مکانی-  زمانی الگوهای حرارتی شهر اراک با پردازش تصاویر ماهواره‌ ای و GIS، فصل نامه علمی پژوهشی اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)، 30(119)، ص 138- 121.
روشن، غلام‌رضا؛  خوش‏اخلاق؛ فرامرز، نگهبان؛ سعید، میرکتولی، جعفر (1388). تأثیر آلودگی هوا بر نوسانات اقلیمی شهر تهران، علوم محیطی، سال هفتم، شماره 1، ص 192- 172.
سازمان مدیریت و برنامه‏ریزی استان ایلام (1385). جایگاه استان ایلام در تحقق جهت‏گیری‏های آمایش سرزمین.
شعبانی، مرتضی؛  درویشی، شادمان؛ سلیمانی، کریم (1398). بررسی آثار تغییرات کاربری اراضی بر الگوهای زمانی‌- مکانی دمای سطح زمین و جزایر حرارتی (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان سقز)، فصل نامه جغرافیا و برنامه‏ریزی محیطی، شماره 1، ص 54- 37.
عابدینی، موسی؛  قلعه، احسان (1401). پایش دمای سطح زمین و بررسی رابطه کاربری اراضی با دمای سطح با استفاده از تصاویر سنجنده OLI و TM (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان مشکین‌شهر )، نشریه تحقیقات کاربردی علوم جغرافیایی، 22(67)، ص 393- 375.
فتحی‏زاد، حسن؛  تازه، مهدی؛ کلانتری، سعیده (1394). ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴه ﮐﺎرآﯾﯽ روشﻫﺎی ﻃﺒﻘﻪﺑﻨﺪی ﭘﯿﮑﺴﻞ‌ﭘﺎﯾﻪ (روشﻫﺎی ﺷﺒﮑه ﻋﺼﺒﯽ آرﺗﻤﭗ ﻓﺎزی و ﺗﺼﻤﯿﻢﮔﯿﺮی درﺧﺘﯽ) و ﺷﯽءﮔﺮا در ﺗﻬﯿه ﻧﻘﺸه ﮐﺎرﺑﺮی اراﺿﯽ (ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌه ﻣﻮردی: ﺣﻮزه ﺧﺸﮏ و ﻧﯿﻤﻪ ﺧﺸﮏ میمه اﺳﺘﺎن اﯾﻼم )، فصل نامه علمی پژوهشی خشک ‌بوم، جلد 5، شماره 2، ص 81- 69.
فیضی‏زاده، بختیار؛  دیده‏ بان، خلیل (1394). برآورد دمای سطح زمین با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره لندست 8 و الگوریتم پنجره مجزا (مطالعه موردی: حوضه آبریز مهاباد )، فصل نامه علمی پژوهشی اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)، ، دوره 25، شماره 98، ص 182- 171.
کریمی، عامر؛  پهلوانی، پرهام؛ بیگدلی، بهناز(1398). تعیین عوامل مؤثر بر دمای سطح زمین شهر تهران با استفاده از تصاویر لندست و ترکیب رگرسیون وزن‏دار جغرافیایی و الگوریتم ژنتیک، نشریه علمی پژوهشی مهندسی فناوری اطلاعات مکانی، سال هفتم، شماره 3، ص 102- 79.
ملک‏پور، پیمان؛ طالعی، محمد (1390). مدل‏سازی ارتباط کاربری پوشش اراضی و حرارت سطح زمین، با استفاده از داده‏های سنجنده ASTER، فصل نامه محیط‏شناسی، سال سی و هفتم، شماره 58، ص 49- 35.
نادی‏زاده، سامان؛ حمزه، سعید؛ کیاورز، مجید؛ افشاری‏پور، سید کریم  (1397). بررسی تغییرات مکانی‌ـ زمانی کاربری اراضی، گسترش شهری و تأثیر آن بر افزایش دمای سطح زمین با استفاده از تصایر چند زمانه لندست (مطالعه موردی: شهر گرگان )، فصل نامه پژوهش‏های جغرافیایی برنامه‏ریزی شهری، دوره 6، شماره 3، ص 568- 545.
هادی‏پور، مهرداد؛ دارابی، حمید (1396). بررسی جزایر حرارتی شهری و ارتباط آن با شرایط آلودگی هوا و شاخص‏های NDVI و NDBI در شهر اراک، فصلنامه علمی پژوهشی اطلاعات جغرافیایی، دوره 28، شماره 12، ص 269- 250.
هاشمی دره ‏بادامی، سیروس؛ خزایی، علی؛ علوی‏پناه، سید کاظم (1394). بررسی تأثیر بام‏های انعکاسی در کاهش اثر جزیره حرارتی شهری با استفاده از تصاویر ماهواره‏ای، نشریه مطالعات و پژوهش‏های شهری و منطقه‏ای، دوره 7، شماره 25، ص 18- 1.
Abedini, M, and Qaleh, E, (2022 ), Monitoring The Temperature Of The Earth,s Surface And Investigating The Relationship Between Land Use And Surface Temperature Using OLI and TM Sensor Images, (Case Study: Meshkin City), Applied Research Journal Of Geographical Sciences, 22 (67), pp 375-393 (in Persian).
Abootaleb.-W, and Ho, A, (2015 ), Scaling of the urban heat island effect based on the energy balance. nighttime minimum temperature increase vs urban length scale of Phoenix and Tucson, AZ, USA. Climate Res.
Adel Effat, H, and Abdel Kader, O, (2014 ), Changedetection of urban heat islands and somere latedparameters using multi-temporal Landsat images (acase study for Cairo city), Journal Of Urbanclimate, 10, pp 171-188.
Allen, R., Bastiaanssen, W., Tasumi, M. and Trezza, R., (2002 ), SEBAL, Surface Energy Balance.
Amini, S, akbari, M, (2014),. Estimation Of Temperature And Land Surface Vegetation Index Using Remote Sensing Data (Case Study: province  Hamadan)”, Natural Geography Research, year 46, No 30, pp. 333-348  (in Persian).
Amiri., Cleugh, H.A., and Oke, T.R., (2018 ). An objective urban heat storage model and its comparison with other schemes.
Arkhi, S, and Esfahani, M, (2018 ), Prediction of land use changes using multi- temporal images and Marco chain model, (case study: ilam city), Chapter Of Geography And Urban- Regional Studies, ninty year, Number 30, pp95-112  (in Persian).
Arkhi, S, and Kalvi, S, (2018 ), Comparison Of Pixel- Based And Object- Oriented Classification Methods In The Preparation Of Land Use Maps Using Satellite Images, (Case Study: Ilam City), Chapter Of Geography And Uraban- Regional Studies, ninth year , Number 32, pp 1-16 (in Persian).
Arvain, A. A, (2017 ), Investigating Thermal Island In Connection With Air Pollution In Isfahan City, Geography and Environmentall Risks, , Number 25, pp 115-129 (in Persian).
Babai feni, O, (2014 ), Investigation The Relationship Between Ground Surface Temperature And The Normalized Index Of Vegetation Cover In The Urban Environment, (Case Study: The Metropolis Of  Isfahan), Natural Geography Quarterly, year 8, , Number 29, pp 75-90 (in Persian).
Baihua, F, and Isabela, B., ( 2015 ), Riparian vegetation NDVI dynamics and its relationship with climate, surface water and groundwater. Journal of Arid Environments, 113, Pp 59-68.
Blöser, Clodia. and Titus Stahl., ( 2017 ), Hope (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Spring.
Chudnovsky, A., Ben-Dor, E., and Saaroni, H., ( 2004 ), Diurnal Thermal Behavior of Selected Urban Objects Using Remote Sensing Measurements, Energy and Buildings, Vol. 36, Number 11, pp 1063-1074.
Dempsey, Judith A., Andrew J, Plantinga, Jeffrey D. Kline, Joshua J. Lawler, Sebastian Martinuzzi, Volker, C. Radeloff, and Daniel, P. Bigelow, ( 2017 ), Effects of local land –use planning on development and disturbance in riparian areas Land Use Policy, Number 60. pp 16-25.
Du, C., Ren, H., Qin, Q., and Meng, J., ( 2015 ), A practical split-window algorithm for estimating landsurface temperature from Landsat 8 data Remote Sensing, 7,  pp 647- 655..
Esmailpour, N, and Azizpour, M, ( 2010), The Change In The Use Of Agricultural Lands And The Relative Increase In The Temperature Of Yazd City Due To Its Rapid Growth, Journal Of Geography And Regional Development, Number 12, pp 37-54  (in Persian).
Faizizaedh, B, and Dedahban, K, (2014 ), Estimation Of  Earth,S Surface Temperature Using Landsat And Satellite Images And Separate Window Algorithm (Case Study: Mahabad Water Shed), Quartery scientific- research journal of geographic information, The Period 25, Number 98, pp 171-182 (in Persian).
Fathizad, H., Tazeh, M., Kalantari, S., and Shojaei, S, (2017 ), The investigation of spatiotemporal variations of land surface temperature based on land use changes using NDVI in southwest of Iran, Journal of African Earth Sciences. 137, pp 249–256.
Gago, E. J. et al, (2013 ), The City and Urban Heat Islands: A Review of Strategies to Mitigate Adverse Effects, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 25, Number  25, pp 749-758.
Georgescu, M., Moustaoui, M., Mahalov, A., and Dudhia, J, (2011 ), An alternative explanation of the semiarid urban area ʻʻʻoasis effectʼ”, Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 116, pp 1-13.
Hadipour, M, and Darabi, H, (2016 ), Investigating Urban Thermal Islands and Its Relationship With Air Pollution Conditions and NDVI and NDBI Index In Arak City, Quartery scientific- research journal of geographic information.The Period 28, Number 12, Winter 98,  pp 250-269 (in Persian).
Halabian, AH. parvin, N, and Naghibzadeh, R, (2022 ), Analysis of spatio- temporal changes in thermal patterns of Arak city by processing satellite images and GIS, Quarterly scientific- research journal of geographic information, (SEPEHR), 30, (119), pp 121-138 (in Persian).
Hao, X., Li, W, & Deng, H, (2016 ), The oasis effect and summer temperature rise in arid regions-case study in Tarim Basin. Sci Rep 6, 35418, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep35418.
Hashemi Dareh-Badami, S, Khazai, A. and Alavi Panah, S.K, (2014 ), Investigating The Effect Of Reflective Roofs In Reducing The Urban Heat Island Effect Using Satellite Images Journal Of Urban And Regional Studies And Researches, The Period 7, Number 25, pp 1-18 (in Persian).
He, J., Zhao, W., Li, A., Wen, F. and Yu, D, (2018 ), The impact of the terrain effect on land surface temperaturevariation based on Landsat-8 observations in mountainous areas, International Journal of Remote Sensing, pp 1-20.
Hou, G. L. Zhang, H. Y. Wang, Y. Q. Qiao, Z. H., & Zhang, Z. X, (2010 ), Retrieval and Spatial Distribution of Land Surface Temperature in the Middle Part of Jilin Province Based on MODIS Data, Scientia Geographica Sinica 30, pp  421–427.
Ilam province management and planning organization (2007 ), The Position Of  Ilam Province In The Realization Of Land Development Directions (in Persian).
Imran, H. M., Hossain, A., Islam, A. K. M., Rahman, A., Bhuiyan, M. A. E., Paul, S., & Alam, A, (2021), Impact of land cover changes on land surface temperature and human thermal comfort in Dhaka City of Bangladesh, Earth Systems and Environment, 5(3), pp 667-693.
Jamali, Z. Ovnagh, M. and Salman Mahini, A, (2018 ), Analysis Of The Relationship Between Land Surface Temperature And Land Use And Normalized Vegetation Difference Index In Gorgan Plain, Space Planning And Preparation, The Period 23, Number 3, pp 174-194 (in Persian).
Jiménez-Muñoz, J.C, Sobrino, J.A. Skoković, D. Mattar, C. and Cristóbal, J, (2014 ), Land surface temperatureretrieval methods from Landsat-8 thermal infrared sensor data, IEEE Geoscience and Remote SensingLetters, 11(10 ), pp 1840-1843.
Karimi, A, Pahlavani, P, and Begdeli, B, (2018 ), Determining The Factors Affecting The Surface Temperature Of Tehran Using Landsat Images And The Combination Of Geographic Weighted Regression And Genetic Algorithm, Scientific- Research Journal Of Spatial Information Technology Engineering, Year 7, Number 3, pp 79-102 (in Persian).
Kato, S, and Yamaguchi, Y, (2005 ), Analysis of Urban Heat-Island Effect Using ASTER and ETM+ Data: Separation of Anthropogenic Heat Discharge and Natural Heat Radiation from Sensible Heat Flux, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 99, Number 1, pp 44-54.
Latif, M. S, (2014 ). Land Surface Temperature Retrival of Landsat-8 Data Using Split Window AlgorithmA Case Study of Ranchi District, Int J Eng Dev Res (IJEDR), Vol. 4, Number  2, pp 3840-3849.
Li, J, and Zhao, H. M, (2003 ), Detecting Urban Land-Use And Land-Cover Changes In Mississauga Using Landsat TM Images, Journal of Environmental Informatics, Vol. 2, Number 1, pp 38-47.
Lu, D, and Weng, Q, (2005 ), Urban Classification Using Full Spectral Information of Landsat ETM+ Imagery in Marion County, Indiana, Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, Vol. 71, Number  11, pp 1275-1284.
Lu, D, Mausel, P, Brondi´Zio, E., and Moran, E, (2004), Change detection techniques. INT. J. REMOTE SENSING, 25 (12), pp 2365-2407.
Malekpour, P, and Talei, M, (2010 ), Modeling The Relationship Between Land Use And Land Surface Heat Using ASTER Sensor Data, Ecology, Year 37, Number 58, pp 35-49 (in Persian).
Mansourmoghaddam, M., Ghafarian Malamiri, H. R., Rousta, I, Olafsson, H., and Zhang, H,(2022d ). Assessment of Palm Jumeirah Island’s Construction Effects on the Surrounding Water Quality and Surface Temperatures during 2001–2020. Water, 14 (4), 634.
Megahed, Y, Cabral, P, Silva, J, and Caetano, M, (2015 ), Land Cover Mapping Analysis and UrbanGrowth Modelling Using Remote SensingTechniques in Greater Cairo Region-Egypt, International Journal of Geo-Information, 4, pp 1750-1769.
Mousa, Lawson Jr, R.E, (2018 ), A laboratory study of the urban heat island in a calm and stably stratified.
Nadizadeh, S, Hamzaeh, S, Keyavarz, M, and Afsharipour, SK, (2017 ), Investigating The Spatial- Temporal Changes Of Land, Urban Expansion And Its Effect On The Increase In Surface Temperature Using Landsat Multi- Temporal Images (Case Study: Gorgan City), Quarterly Journal Of Geographical Researches On Urban Planninh, The Period 6, Number 3, pp 545-568 (in Persian).
Nasir, M. J, Ahmad, W. Iqbal, J, Ahmad, B., Abdo, H. G., Hamdi, R., and Bateni, S. M. (2022). Effect of the Urban Land Use Dynamics on Land Surface Temperature: A Case Study of Kohat City in Pakistan for the Period 1998–2018. Earth Systems and Environment, 6 (1), pp 237-248.
Orhan, O, Ekercin, S, and Dadaser-Celik, F, (2014 ), Use of LandsatLand Surface Temperature and Vegetation Indices forMonitoring Drought in the Salt Lake Basin Area, Turkey, TheScientific World Journal, vol. 2014, Article ID 142939, 11pages.doi:10.1155/2014/142939.
Orhan, O, aM. Yakara, (2016 ), Investigating Land Surface Temperature Changes Using Landsat Data in Konya, Turkey, The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume. XLI-B8, 2016XXIII ISPRS Congress, 12–19, Prague, Czech Republic.
Rajeshwari, A, and Mani, N.D, (2014 ), Estimation of Land SurfaceTemperature of Dindigual District usingLandsat 8 data, IJRET: InternationalJournal of Research in Engineering andTechnology.
Ronald, C, Estoque, M. Yuji, M, S W, (2017 ), Effects of landscape composition and pattern onland surface temperature: An urban heat islandstudy in the megacities of Southeast Asia, NationalLibrary of Medicine, U.S, 15 (577), pp 349-359.
Roshan, G, Khoshakhlagh, F, Negahban, S, and Mirkatoli, J, (2010), The Offect Of Air Pollution On Climatic Fluctuations Of Tehran City, Environmental Science, Year 7, Number, pp 172-192 (in Persian).
Rozenstein, O, Qin, Z,  Derimian, Y, and Karnieli, A, (2014 ), Derivation of land surface temperature for Landsat-8 TIRS using a split window algorithm. Sensors, 14 (4), pp 5768-5780.
Shabani, M., Darvishi, Sh., and Solaimani, K, (2018 ), Investigation The Offects Of Land Use Changes On The Temporal- Spatial Pattern Of Land Surface Temperature And Thermal Island, (Case Study: Saqez City), Journal Of Geography And Environmental Planning, Number1, pp 37-54 (in Persian).
Shahid, L, (2014 ), Land Surface Temperature Retrival of Landsat-8 Data Using Split Window Algorithm- A Case Study of Ranchi District, IJEDR, Volum. 2, Issue 4.
Shikhar Deep ab, Akansha Saklani, (2014 ), Urban Sprawl Modeling Using Cellular Automata, The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences (2014), 17, pp 179–187.
Sophia, S, Rwanga, Ndambuki, J, M, (2017 ), Accuracy Assessment of Land Use/Land CoverClassification Using Remote Sensing and GIS, International Journal of Geosciences, 8, pp 611-622.
Soria, G, Sobrino, J.A. Atitar, M. Jiménez-Muñoz, J.C, Hidalgo, V, Julien, Y, Ruescas, A.B, Franch, B, Mattar, C, Oltra, R. AATSR Land Surface Temperature Product: Comparison with SEVIRI and MODIS in the Framework of CEFLES2 Campaigns. In Proceedings of the 2nd - Sobrino, J. A., Jiménez Muñoz, J. C., and Paolini, L., 2004, Land Surface Temperature Retrieval From LANDSAT TM 5, Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 90, No. 4, PP 434-440.MERIS/AATSR User Workshop, 22–26 September 2008, Frascati, Italy, 2008.
Srivastava, P. K., Majumdar, T. J., and Bhattacharya, A. K, (2009 ), Surface Temperature Estimation in Singhbhum Shear Zone of India Using Landsat-7 ETM+ Thermal Infrared Data, Advances in Space Research, Vol. 43, Number  10, pp 1563-1574.
Stroppiana, D, Antoninetti, M, and & Brivio, A, (2014 ), Seasonality of MODIS LST over Southern Italy and correlation with land cover, topography and solar radiation, European Journal of Remote Sensing, 47, pp 133-152. doi: 10.5721/EuJRS20144709.
Tilahun, A, and Teferie, B, (2015 ), AccuracyAssessment of Land Use Land CoverClassification using Google Earth, AmericanJournal of Environmental Protection, 4 (4), pp 193-198.
Tomlinson, C. J, and Chapman, L. Thrones, J. E. and Baker, C, (2011), Remote sensing land surface temperature for meteorology and climatology: a review. Meteorological Applications. 18, pp 296–306.
Traore, M., Lee, M. S., Rasul, A., and Balew, A, (2021 ), Assessment of land use/land cover changes and their impacts on land surface temperature in Bangui (the capital of Central African Republic). Environmental Challenges, 4, 100114.
United Nations (2010 ), World Urbanization Prospects: The 2009 Revision Population Database, Http://Esa.Un.Org/Unpd/Wup/Index.Htm.
Wang, F., Qin, Z, Song, C, Tu, L., Karnieli, A., and Zhao, S,(2015 ), An improved mono-window algorithm for land surface temperature retrieval from landsat 8 thermal infrared sensor data, Remote Sensing, Volume. 7,  Number 4, pp 4268–4289.
Wang, J, Yin, K., and Xiao, L, (2014 ), Landslide susceptibility assessment based on gis and weighted information value: A case study of wanzhou district, three gorges reservoir. Chin. J. Rock Mech. Eng. 33, pp 797–808.
Wei, L, Jean-Daniel, M. S., and Thomas, W. G, (2015 ), A comparison of the economic benefits of urban green spaces estimated with NDVI and with high-resolution land cover data, Landscape and Urban Planning, 133, pp 105-117.
Weixin, X., Song, G, XinQuan, Z, Jianshe, X., Yanhong, T, Jingyun, F., Juan, Z., and Sha, J, (2011 ), High positive correlation between soil temperature and NDVI from 1982 to 2006 in alpine meadow of the Three-River Source Region on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 13, pp 528-535.
Weng, Q, Lu, D, and Schubring, J, (2004 ), Estimation of land surface temperature- vegetation abundance relationship for urban heat island studies: Remote Sensing of Environment,. 89, pp 467-483.
Wibowo, A., Osman Salleh, Kh., Sitanala Frans, F.R., and Mulyo Semedi, J, (2016 ), Spatial Temporal Land Use Change Detection Using Google Earth Data, 2nd International Conference of Indonesian Society for Remote Sensing, IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Vol. 47 (1), pp 1-11.
Zhang, Y, Balzter, H, Zou, C, Xu, H, and Tang, F, (2015 ), Characterizing bi-temporal patterns of land surface temperature using landscape metrics based on sub-pixel classifications from Landsat TM/ETM. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation, 42, pp 87-96.
Zhou, W, Huang, G, and Cadenasso, M.L, (2011 ), Does spatial configuration matter? Understanding the effects of land cover pattern on land surface temperature in urban landscapes, Landscape and Urban Planning 10 (2), pp 54-63.
 
Volume 15, Issue 1
Spring & Summer
April 2023
Pages 165-186
  • Receive Date: 19 November 2022
  • Revise Date: 30 January 2023
  • Accept Date: 19 February 2023