فراتحلیل مؤلفه‌های مؤثر بر مکان‌سازی فضاهای دانش و نوآوری معاصر

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری شهرسازی، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

2 استاد، دانشکدة هنر و معماری، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، تهران، ایران

چکیده

با عملی شدن ایدة فضاهای دانش و نوآوری معاصر، به مثابة محرک رشد اقتصادی و توسعة بلندمدت شهرها و مناطق، این ایده با انتقاداتی به‌ویژه به دلیل انطباق با ساختارهای سرمایه‌داری مواجه بوده است.    که جذابیت زیست و کار و تفریح در این فضاها صرفاً با در نظر گرفتن نیازمندی‌های اقشار خلاق با نگاهی سوداگرانه و با قربانی کردن بسیاری از شاخص‌های اولاً کیفی و دوم زمینه‌مند همراه می‌شود. بنابراین این نواحی نوظهور، در عین روبه‌رو شدن با اقبال جهانی، با چالش‌هایی دست‌وپنجه نرم می‌کنند که یکی از آن‌ها کیفیت پایین مکان‌ها در محله‌های حامل فضاهای دانش و نوآوری معاصر است. بنابراین، هدف پژوهش حاضر دستیابی به مؤلفه‌های کیفی سازوکارهای مکان‌سازی و سیاست‌گذاری شهری فضاهای دانش و نوآوری معاصر و توسعة چارچوب‌ مفهومی موجود در پی انتقادات وارد در این زمینه است. روش تحقیق تحلیل محتوای کیفی و کمّی داده‌های اسنادی مرتبط و پاسخ به چیستی مؤلفه‌های مکان‌سازی با استفاده از فراتحلیل کلاسیک منابع فارسی و انگلیسی شامل مقالات علمی‌ـ پژوهشی و پایان‌نامه‌ها و کتب و گزارش‌ها بدون اعمال محدودیت و سپس کدگذاری و شمارش فراوانی واحدهای تحلیل ب بوده است. در نهایت حاصل فراتحلیل منابع 21 برچسب مفهومی برای مکان‌سازی فضاهای دانش و نوآوری معاصر در قالب 4 بُعد ویژگی، فرم، عملکرد، تصویر  طبقه‌بندی شده است. در نتیجه، چنین به نظر می‌رسد که توجه به الزامات مکان‌سازی فضاهای مربوطه از جمله دسترسی‌پذیری، مشارکت، سرمایه‌گذاری، پذیرش، سرزندگی اجتماعی، پویایی در فعالیت‌ها، و اختلاط می‌تواند موجب کیفیت هر چه بیشتر فضاهای دانش و نوآوری در عصر حاضر باشد.
 

کلیدواژه‌ها


خسروانی‌نژاد، سمانه؛ آزاده علی‌زاده؛ محمدرضا نقصان‌محمدی؛ رضا اکبری (1398). «مناطق ویژة علم و فناوری؛ رهیافتی نوین در توسعة پایدار (نمونة مطالعاتی: منطقة ویژة علم و فناوری یزد)»، آمایش سرزمین، د 16، ش 1، ص 224 ـ 252.
خنیفر، حسین؛ ناهید مسلمی (1398). اصول و مبانی روش‌های پژوهش کیفی: رویکردی نو کاربردی، تهران، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، ج 1.
رفیعیان، مجتبی (1399). ناحیة نوآوری شهری از نظریه تا عمل، تهران، انتشارات دانشگاه تربیت مدرس.
طبیبی، سید حمیدرضا؛ مجتبی رفیعیان؛ حمید ماجدی؛ یوسف‌علی زیاری (1400). «سنجش نوآوری منطقه‌ای (نمونة موردی: منطقة شهری شیراز)»، دانش شهرسازی، د 5، ش 4، ص 296 ـ 308.
References
Arefi, M. (2014). Deconstructing placemaking: Needs, opportunities, and assets, Routledge.
Bathelt, H., Feldman, M., & Kogler, D. F. (Eds.). (2012). Beyond territory: dynamic geographies of innovation and knowledge creation, Routledge.
Baum, S., O'Connor, K., & Yigitcanlar, T. (2009). “The implications of creative industries for regional outcomes”, International Journal of Foresight and Innovation Policy, 5(1-3), pp. 44-64.
Benneworth, P. & Ratinho, T. (2014). “Reframing the role of knowledge parks and science cities in knowledge-based urban development”, Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 32(5), pp. 784-808.
Berkes, F. (2009). “Evolution of co-management: role of knowledge generation, bridging organizations and social learning”, Journal of environmental management, 90(5), pp. 1692-1702.
Bernardi, M. & Diamantini, D. (2018). “Shaping the sharing city: An exploratory study on Seoul and Milan”, Journal of Cleaner Production, 203, pp. 30-42.
Boschma, R. (2005). “Proximity and innovation: a critical assessment”, Regional studies, 39(1), pp. 61-74.
Brinkley, I. (2008). The knowledge economy: How knowledge is reshaping the economic life of nations, Work Foundation.
Carayannis, E. G. & Campbell, D. F. (2010). “Triple Helix, Quadruple Helix and Quintuple Helix and how do knowledge, innovation and the environment relate to each other? a proposed framework for a trans-disciplinary analysis of sustainable development and social ecology”, International Journal of Social Ecology and Sustainable Development (IJSESD), 1(1), pp. 41-69.
Carmona, M., Heath, T., Oc, T., Tiesdell, S. (2010). Public places urban spaces, London, Architectural Press.
Carrillo, F. J., Yigitcanlar, T., García, B., & Lönnqvist, A. (2014). Knowledge and the city: Concepts, applications and trends of knowledge-based urban development, Routledge.
Carvalho, L. (2009). “Four challenges for a new science and technology park: AvePark in Guimarães, Portugal”, Urban Research & Practice, 2(1), pp. 103-108.
Castells, M. (2000). The rise of network society: the information age: economy, society, and culture, Blackwell, Malden, MA.
Chesbrough, H. W. (2006). “The era of open innovation”, Managing innovation and change, 127(3), pp. 34-41.
Jr, W. W. C. (2003). “Science parks: theory and background”, International journal of technology transfer and commercialisation, 2(2), pp. 150-178.
Ehlenz, M. M., Birch, E. L., & Agness, B. (2014). The power of eds and meds: Urban universities investing in neighborhood revitalization and innovation districts, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA.
Esmaeilpoorarabi, N., Yigitcanlar, T., Guaralda, M., & Kamruzzaman, M. (2018a). “Does place quality matter for innovation districts? Determining the essential place characteristics from Brisbane’s knowledge precincts”, Land Use Policy, 79, pp. 734-747.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. (2018b). “Evaluating place quality in innovation districts: A Delphic hierarchy process approach”, Land use policy, 76, pp. 471-486.
Esmaeilpoorarabi, N., Yigitcanlar, T., Kamruzzaman, M., & Guaralda, M. (2020). How can an enhanced community engagement with innovation districts be established? Evidence from Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. Cities, 96, 102430.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. (2020a). “Conceptual frameworks of innovation district place quality: An opinion paper”, Land Use Policy, 90, 104166.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------. (2020b). “How does the public engage with innovation districts? Societal impact assessment of Australian innovation districts”, Sustainable Cities and Society, 52, 101813.
Evans, G. (2009). “Creative cities, creative spaces and urban policy”, Urban studies, 46(5-6), pp. 1003-1040.
Fainstein, S. S. (2005). “Cities and diversity: should we want it? Can we plan for it?”, Urban affairs review, 41(1), pp. 3-19.
Florida R. (2002). The Rise of the Creative Class: And How It’s Transforming Work, Leisure, Community, and Everyday Life, Basic, New York, NY.
Foster, S. R. & Iaione, C. (2015). The city as a commons. Yale L. & Pol'y Rev., 34, 281.
Friedmann, J. (2007). “The wealth of cities: towards an assets‐based development of newly urbanizing regions”, Development and Change, 38(6), pp. 987-998.
Glaeser, E. L. (1999). Learning in cities. Journal of urban Economics, 46(2), 254-277.Glass, G. V. (1976). “Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research”, Educational researcher, 5(10), pp. 3-8.
---------------. (1977). “9: integrating findings: the meta-analysis of research”, Review of research in education, 5(1), pp. 351-379.
Hansasooksin, S. T. & Tontisirin, N. (2021). “Placemaking as an urban development strategy for making the Pattaya Innovation District”, Regional Science Policy & Practice, 13(6), pp. 1930-1950.
Hanna, K. (2016). Spaces to think: Innovation districts and the changing geography of London’s knowledge economy, Centre Lond.
Harvey, D. (1989). The condition of postmodernity, Blackwell, Oxford.
Hutton, T. A. (2004). “The new economy of the inner city”, Cities, 21(2), pp. 89-108.
Jacobs, J. (2016). The economy of cities. Vintage.Jones, P. (2009). “Putting architecture in its social place: a cultural political economy of architecture”, Urban studies, 46(12), pp. 2519-2536.
Katz, B. & Wagner, J. (2014). The rise of innovation districts: A new geography of innovation in America, The Brookings Institute.
Kayanan, C. M. (2022). “A critique of innovation districts: Entrepreneurial living and the burden of shouldering urban development”, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 54(1), pp. 50-66.
Khanifar, H. & Muslimi, N. (2018). Principles and foundations of qualitative research methods: a new applied approach, Tehran, Tehran University Press, Vol. 1. (in Persian)
Khosravani-Nejad, S., Alizadeh, A., Mohammadi researchers, M., & Akbari, R. (2018). “Special Areas Of Science And Technology; A new approach in sustainable development (Study example: Yazd Science and Technology Special Zone)”, Amash Sarmeen, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 224-252. (in Persian)
Kim, M. (2013). Spatial qualities of innovation districts: how Third Places are changing the innovation ecosystem of Kendall Square (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
Kodama, F. & Shibata, T. (2015). “Demand articulation in the open-innovation paradigm”, Journal of open innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 1(1), 2.
Krätke, S. (2010). “Creative cities’ and the rise of the dealer class: a critique of Richard Florida's approach to urban theory”, International journal of urban and regional research, 34(4), pp. 835-853.
Landry, C. (2012). The creative city: A toolkit for urban innovators, Routledge.
Lawrence, S., Hogan, M., & Brown, E. (2019). Planning for an Innovation District: Questions for Practitioners to Consider, RTI press.
Lawton Smith, H. & Leydesdorff, L. (2014). “The Triple Helix in the context of global change: dynamics and challenges”, Prometheus, 32(4), pp. 321-336.
Lazzeroni, M. (2010). “High-tech activities, system innovativeness and geographical concentration: Insights into technological districts in Italy”, European Urban and Regional Studies, 17(1), pp. 45-63.
Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space (D. Nicholson-Smith, Trans.) Malden, MA: Blackwell.
---------------. (2012). From the production of space. In Theatre and Performance Design (pp. 81-84), Routledge.
Leon, N. (2008). “Attract and connect: The 22@ Barcelona innovation district and the internationalisation of Barcelona business”, Innovation, 10(2-3), pp. 235-246.
Leydesdorff, L. & Etzkowitz, H. (1998). “The triple helix as a model for innovation studies”, Science and public policy, 25(3), pp. 195-203.
Li, X. (2020). “A Review of the Factors Influencing the Performance of University-Enterprise Cooperation Innovation”, Open Journal of Business and Management, 8(03), 1281.
Liljemark, T. (2004). Innovation policy in Canada, Strategy and realities, Swedish Institute for Growth Policy Studies.
Livingstone, D. (2003). Putting science in its place: geographies of scientific knowledge, University of Chicago Press Chicago, IL.
Lombardi, P., Giordano, S., Farouh, H., & Yousef, W. (2012). “Modelling the smart city performance”, Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, 25(2), pp. 137-149.
MacLeod, G. (2002). “From urban entrepreneurialism to a “revanchist city”? On the spatial injustices of Glasgow’s renaissance”, Antipode, 34(3), pp. 602-624.
Makkonen, T. & Weidenfeld, A. (2016). “Knowledge-based urban development of cross-border twin cities”, International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development, 7(4), pp. 389-406.
Markusen, A. (1996). “Sticky places in slippery space: a typology of industrial districts”, Economic Geography, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 293-313.
Marques, J. S., Yigitcanlar, T., & da Costa, E. M. (2015). “Incentivizing innovation: A review of the Brazilian federal innovation support programs”, Asia Pacific Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), pp. 31-56.
Marshall, A. (1890). Principles of economics Macmillan, London.
Massey, D. (2008). A global sense of place, In The cultural geography reader (pp. 269-275), Routledge.
Montgomery, J. (1998). “Making a city: Urbanity, vitality and urban design”, Journal of urban design, 3(1), pp. 93-116.
Morisson, A. & Bevilacqua, C. (2019). “Balancing gentrification in the knowledge economy: the case of Chattanooga’s innovation district”, Urban research & practice, 12(4), pp. 472-492.
Ophir, A. & Shapin, S. (1991). “The place of knowledge a methodological survey”, Science in context, 4(1), pp. 3-22.
Pancholi, S., Yigitcanlar, T., & Guaralda, B. (2015a). “Place making facilitators of knowledge and innovation spaces: insights from European best practices”, International Journal of Knowledge-Based Development, 6(3).
Pancholi, S., Yigitcanlar, T., & Guaralda, M. (2015b). “Public space design of knowledge and innovation spaces: learnings from Kelvin Grove Urban Village, Brisbane”, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 1(1), 13.
-----------------------------------------------------. (2017). “Governance that matters: Identifying place-making challenges of Melbourne’s Monash Employment Cluster”, Journal of Place Management and Development.
Pancholi, S. (2018). “Societal integration that matters: Place making experience of Macquarie Park Innovation District, Sydney”, City, Culture and Society 13.
Pancholi, S., Yigitcanlar, T., & Guaralda, M. (2019). “Place making for innovation and knowledge-intensive activities: The Australian experience”, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 146, pp. 616-625.
Pancholi, S., Yigitcanlar, T., Guaralda, M., Mayere, S., Caldwell, G.A., & Medland, R. (2020). “University and innovation district symbiosis in the context of placemaking: Insights from Australian cities”, Land Use Policy, 99.
Pareja-Eastaway, M. & Piqué, J. M. (2022). “Districts of Innovation in the World”, Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business, 7(2), pp. 1-5.
Peck, J. (2005). “Struggling with the creative class”, International journal of urban and regional research, 29(4), pp. 740-770.
Phillips, S. A. M. & Yeung, H. W. C. (2003). “A Place for R&D? The Singapore Science Park”, Urban Studies, 40(4), pp. 707-732.
Porter, M. E. (2000). “Location, competition, and economic development: Local clusters in a global economy”, Economic development quarterly, 14(1), pp. 15-34.
Rafiyan, M. (2019). Urban innovation zone from theory to practice, Tehran, Tarbiat Modares University Press. (in Persian)
Rissola, G., Bevilaqua, C., Monardo, B., & Trillo, C. (2019). Place-based innovation ecosystems: Boston-Cambridge innovation districts.
Sager, T. (2011). “Neo-liberal urban planning policies: A literature survey 1990–2010”, Progress in planning, 76(4), pp. 147-199.
Saxenian, A. (1994). Regional advantage. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Scott, A. J. (2001). “Capitalism, cities, and the production of symbolic forms”, Transactions of the institute of British geographers, 26(1), pp. 11-23.
Storper, M. & Venables, A. J. (2004). “Buzz: face-to-face contact and the urban economy”, Journal of economic geography, 4(4), pp. 351-370.
Tallman, S., Jenkins, M., Henry, N., & Pinch, S. (2004). “Knowledge, clusters, and competitive advantage”, Academy of management review, 29(2), pp. 258-271.
Tabibi, S. H., Rafiyan, M., Majdi, H., & Ziyari, Y.A. (1400). “Measuring regional innovation, a case study of Shiraz urban area”, Danesh Shahrzazi, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 308-296. (in Persian)
Thomas, J. M. & Darnton, J. (2006). “Social diversity and economic development in the metropolis”, Journal of planning literature, 21(2), pp. 153-168.
Trip, J. & Romein, A. (2009). “Beyond the hype: creative city development in Rotterdam”, Journal of Urban Regeneration & Renewal, 2(3), pp. 216-231.
Van Winden, W., De Carvalho, L., Van Tuijl, E., Van Haaren, J., & Van Den Berg, L. (2013). Creating knowledge locations in cities: Innovation and integration challenges, Routledge.
Velibeyoğlu, K. & Yiğitcanlar, T. (2010). “An evaluation methodology for the tangible and intangible assets of city-regions: the 6K1C framework”, International Journal of Services, Technology and Management.
Wong, P. K. (2022). “An Evolutionary Analysis of the Development of the One North Innovation District in Singapore, Journal of Evolutionary Studies in Business, 7(2), pp. 70-99.
Wu, Y., Yang, Y., Xu, W., & Chen, Q. (2020a). “The influence of innovation resources in higher education institutions on the development of Sci-tech parks’ enterprises in the urban innovative districts at the stage of urbanization transformation”, Land, 9(10), 396.
---------------------------------------------. (2020b). “The Correlation between the Jobs–Housing Relationship and the Innovative Development of Sci-Tech Parks in New Urban Districts: A Case Study of the Hangzhou West Hi-Tech Corridor in China”, International Journal of Geo-Information 9.
Yigitcanlar, T. (2010). “Making space and place for the knowledge economy: knowledge-based development of Australian cities”, European Planning Studies, 18(11), pp. 1769-1786.
Yigitcanlar, T. & Sarimin, M. (2011). “The role of universities in building prosperous knowledge cities: the Malaysian experience”, Built Environment, 37(3), pp. 260-280.
Yigitcanlar, T. & Dur, F. (2013). “Making space and place for knowledge communities: lessons for Australian practice”, Australasian Journal of Regional Studies, 19(1), pp. 36-63.
Yigitcanlar, T. & Lönnqvist, A. (2013). “Benchmarking knowledge-based urban development performance: Results from the international comparison of Helsinki”, Cities, 31, pp. 357-369.
Yigitcanlar, T., Guaralda, M., Taboada, M., & Pancholi, S. (2016). “Place making for knowledge generation and innovation: Planning and branding Brisbane's knowledge community precincts”, Journal of Urban Technology, 23(1), pp. 115-146.
Yigitcanlar, T. & Inkinen, T. (2019). Geographies of disruption, Springer International Publishing.
Yigitcanlar, T., Adu-McVie, R., & Erol, I. (2020). “How can contemporary innovation districts be classified? A systematic review of the literature”, Land Use Policy, 95, 104595.
Yun, J. J. (2015). “How do we conquer the growth limits of capitalism? Schumpeterian Dynamics of Open Innovation”, Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 1(2), 17.
Yun, J. J., Won, D., & Park, K. (2016a). “Dynamics from open innovation to evolutionary change”, Journal of open innovation: Technology, market, and complexity, 2(2), 7.
Yun, J. J., Lee, D., Ahn, H., Park, K., & Yigitcanlar, T. (2016b). “Not deep learning but autonomous learning of open innovation for sustainable artificial intelligence”, Sustainability, 8(8), 797.
Yun, J. J., Won, D., Jeong, E., Park, K., Lee, D., & Yigitcanlar, T. (2017). “Dismantling of the inverted U-curve of open innovation”, Sustainability, 9(8), 1423.
Zhao, F. (2005). “Exploring the synergy between entrepreneurship and innovation”, International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research.
Zukin, S. (2020). The innovation complex: Cities, tech, and the new economy, Oxford University Press.
----------. (2021). “Planetary Silicon Valley: Deconstructing New York’s innovation complex”, Urban Studies, 58(1), pp. 3-35.